Despite continuous effort in developing treatments of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), the high morbidity and mortality of the disease and lack of standardization of managements remain to be a formidable challenge. This article aims to review the current controversies of treatments of CDH and the Hong Kong experience.

Most pediatric patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 show mild clinical symptoms, and hospitalization rate in the United States is about 0.05%. Most cases with hospitalization need respiratory therapy to keep saturation and relieve symptoms including tachypnea or chest tightness. According to a recent study, heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC) is effective treatment opinion and reduce aerosol spreading comparing with noninvasive positive pressure ventilator and other oxygen therapy. Respiratory rate-oxygen index is a useful tool to predict patient’s respiratory function whether intubation is needed or not. Besides, chest care with appropriate position change improves respiratory status. Prone position is suggested if no clinical improvement is seen after use of HHHFNC. Earlier decision for intubation prevents sudden deterioration and gets enough time for protective equipment concerned about strong transmission by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.

Background: Atopic dermatitis is known to be associated with the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and topical antiseptics, such as bleach bath, have been hypothesized to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Method: This essay aimed to summarize the current literature on the effectiveness of bleach bath as a standard treatment for patients with atopic dermatitis. The essay also explored the relationship between S. aureus colonization and atopic dermatitis with the latest literature to understand the effects of S. aureus colonization. Results: The current literature seemed to suggest whereas bathing was useful in improving the severity of atopic dermatitis, bleach bath did not offer superior results when compared to water bath. Conclusions: Although bleach bath may not be more effective than water bath, bleach bath could still be offered to patients at the discretion of the attending clinician because bleach bath is relatively inexpensive and adverse events are rare.