Pediatric interventional flexible bronchoscopy (IFB) procedures are difficult to standardize because of a lack of consensus across different countries. The current literature are scant with retrospective case series or case reports in single center only. The main aim of IFB is to keep an enough and patent central airway lumen. The prerequisites are secure environment, skillful technique, appropriate instruments, clear airway vision, and maintenance of cardiopulmonary status of patients. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) with pharyngeal oxygen with intermittent nose-closure and abdomen-compression or Soong's ventilation is the preferred method in the author's center as it provides a simple and reliable ventilation support during IFB. Pulmonologists should be trained in basic IFB procedures such as tracheobronchial intubation, bronchoalveolar lavage, balloon dilatation, laser ablation, cryotherapy, or even stent placement and maintenance. Pulmonologists should achieve and maintain high skill levels during their career. There is a rapidly evolving IFB role for in the intensive care units (ICUs) because of critical and cardiopulmonary compromised patients. IFB procedures require intense training and a multidisciplinary approach for patient care. With developing technology, the role of IFB is destined to grow. The IFB modality of using short-length bronchoscopes, supported with a NIV and ICU facilities is a viable, instant, and effective management in pediatric patients. Successful IFB could result in rapid weaning of respiratory supports in ICU without the need for transport to the operation theater and more invasive procedure.

Objectives: We aimed to report our 3-year experience in modified HFNC (MHFNC) usage in young children with community-acquired pneumonia in infectious diseases ward and to identify factors associated with MHFNC failure. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of pediatric patients, aged <5 years, with community-acquired pneumonia, who were treated with MHFNC at infectious diseases from August 2012 to December 2015 were recruited. MHFNC failure was defined as a need for further respiratory support within 48 h after initiating MHFNC. Patients: Ninety-nine patients with community-acquired pneumonia were included in this study. Setting: A tertiary care hospital. Measurements and Results: Ninety-nine children (median age of 14 months, body weight 8.6 + 3.1 kg) were included. Ninety-two children (93%) were successfully treated with MHFNC and only seven (7%) were in the failure group. The maximal flow was 3 L/kg/min. Lower oxygen saturation (SpO₂)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) ratio (<264) and higher FiO₂ requirement were found to be associated with failure. Maximum FiO₂ requirement >0.5 had high odds ratios (22.25) to develop MHFNC failure. No serious complication from MHFNC was found. Conclusions: MHFNC is a practical respiratory support in young children with pneumonia. SpO₂/FiO₂ ratio (<264) and FiO₂ requirement >0.5 is a risk factor for MHFNC failure.

Context: Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant problem among children in Indonesia. While pulmonary TB has been widely reported, information on extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) among children in Indonesia has not been well documented. Aims: The aim of this study is to document demographic and clinical characteristics and outcome of EPTB in children. Settings and Design: A retrospective study was conducted in Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Subjects and Methods: Medical records were reviewed for all children aged younger than 18 years diagnosed with EPTB and admitted to this hospital between 2009 and 2015. Results: Fifty-three patients with EPTB were admitted to the hospital during the study period. EPTB was more common in children aged >5 years, with median (interquartile range) age of presentation at 12.5 years (4.1–14.7 years). Major presenting symptoms were fever (72%), cough (55%), and weight loss (38%). Common types of EPTB were meningitis (28%), miliary TB (23%), and osteoarthritis (20%). The diagnosis was confirmed by either acid-fast bacilli smear or GeneXpert MTB/rifampicin (RIF) in 13 patients. Evidence of TB infection was documented in 26 % of children with positive result of tuberculin skin test. Mycobacterium TB was detected by GeneXpert MTB/RIF in 23% of children. The mortality rate was 19% which mostly occured in children with meningitis (60%). Conclusion: EPTB was commonly seen in older children, and tuberculous meningitis was both the most common type and cause of death of EPTB in our setting.